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Cyanea tritomantha

A.Gray (1861)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Campanulaceae Genus: Cyanea

‘akū [aku], hāhā [haha]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Palm-like trees 1.8–3 m tall.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblong to oblanceolate or obovate, blades 38–95 cm long, 11–20 cm wide. Apex acuminate to acute or obtuse. Base cuneate to attenuate. Upper surfaces green, glabrous; lower surfaces pale green, pubescent and muricate along the midrib. Margins callose–denticulate. Petioles 2–18 cm long, muricate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences 5–20–flowered, clustered among the leaves, peduncles 20–75 mm long, pedicels 12–30 mm long; hypanthium obconical, 10–14 mm long, 5–8 mm wide. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx 5-lobed, lobes narrowly triangular, 10–25 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, apex acuminate, apiculate, distinct or rarely connate, much shorter to somewhat longer than hypanthium, rarely up to as long as the corolla, tube adnate to ovary. Corolla zygomorphic, blackish purple or greenish white externally, pale bluish white or white within, 60–75 mm long, 5–6 mm wide, densely pubescent, the tube suberect to slightly curved, dorsally cleft to about the middle, the lobes connate, spreading, 1⁄2–¾ as long as the tube. Stamens 5, alternate with corolla lobes, connate, staminal column glabrous; anthers glabrous, with apical tufts of white hairs on the lower 2, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits, coherent but separating after anthesis or connate and forming a tube into which pollen is shed; filaments distinct or connate above, attached to the epigynous nectary disk or to base of corolla, rarely adnate to corolla tube. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovule placentation axile; stigma 2-lobed, wet or dry, appressed and nonreceptive as the style grows through the anther tube, pushing out the pollen, after which the stigmas spread apart and become receptive.

Fruit: Berries orange; ellipsoid; 15–25 mm long; 10–22 mm in diameter; crowned by the persistent calyx lobes. Seeds numerous; small; brown to black; smooth; shiny; 0.2–0.5(–2) mm long; with a straight; short to spatulate dicotyledonous embryo embedded in oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in wet forest.

Elevation Range: 350–1,080 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 149 (1861)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:466 (H)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in mud at bottom of small gulch full of palm grass. Native associates Broussaisia, Metrosideros, Dubautia, Clermontia in wet, windswept cliffside area. Preserved_Specimen Single unbranched stem, not at all prickly, obvious leaf scars; latex white; outside of calyx and corolla very dark purple. Keiki plant nearby has somewhat muricate leaves. Stevens, B. 1 Hawaii BISH 1997-02-12
2 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing on side of Kilau gulch. Growing beneath a 15' Nothocestrum tree, probably N. longifolium var. rufipilosum. Preserved_Specimen Height 2 1/2 ft. Flowers white, purple anthers. Rooted underneath fallen log. Basal diameter of stem 1 3/4 inch. Anderson, S.J. 466 Hawaii BISH 1982-02-09
3 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros - Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Athyrium sandwichianum, Pipturus, Urera glabra, Rubus hawaiensis, Passiflora mollissima. Preserved_Specimen 2 plants 6 ft high with buds. Perlman, S. 10282 Hawaii BISH 1989-07-18
4 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dense forest. Preserved_Specimen Single 6 ft. muricate stem; corolla pale green except for upper outer half of lobes whch is brownish pink and for basal part (as long as sepals) which is pink; stamine column + filaments pink. Juvenile plant 3 ft. tall leaves spiny. Degener, O. 21796 Hawaii BISH 1952-02-28
5 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in mud at bottom of small gulch full of palm grass. Native associates Broussaisia, Metrosideros, Dubautia, Clermontia in wet, windswept cliffside area. Preserved_Specimen Single unbranched stem, not at all prickly, obvious leaf scars; latex white; outside of calyx and corolla very dark purple. Keiki plant nearby has somewhat muricate leaves. Stevens, B. 1 Hawaii BISH 1997-02-12
6 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet koa-ohia forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 1 flower, 1 flower bud, 1 immature fruit. Casey, T 626 Hawaii BISH 1976-05-26
7 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in a Metrosideros - Cibotium forest with Sarx alba, Platydesma spathulata, Cyanea sp. nov. and Stenogyne calaminthoides. Preserved_Specimen A palmaeform shrub, 8 ft. ht., 5 ft. spread, 2 inch basal diameter, compact inflorescence. Clarke, G. 634 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-27
8 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In moist wooded gulch. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 4m tall, 4cm diameter. Corolla blackish magenta without, the lobes white within, anthers black. St.John, H. 25099 Hawaii BISH 1953-02-01
9 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In very dark, rich, wet jungle. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7877 Hawaii BISH 1929-06-24
10 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Closed Metrosideros rain forest with Myrsine, Ilex, Pelea spp., Psychotria, Coprosma, Platydesma, Clermontia, & Gouldia. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6 1/2' tall, basal diam. 2. Two basal shoots 6 tall, spiny, leaves with ruffled edges. Main stem densely covered, entirely, with prickles. Largest leaf over 21 long. Large flower buds purple. Davis, J. 686 Hawaii BISH 1982-02-09
11 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in a closed Metrosideros mixed forest in dense shade. Preserved_Specimen Approximately 20 plants scattered into groups of 2-3 individuals reacj=hing 6' in height. Kunitake, N. 246 Hawaii BISH 1980-02-27
12 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Apex of plant. Giffard, W.M. 322 Hawaii BISH 1928-06-01
13 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 2.5 m tall; stem mucronate whole length except just below leaves Warshauer, F.R. 1356 Hawaii BISH 1977-08-31
14 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Tall palmaeform shrub. Flowers greenish white with purple stripes. Nagata, R. 303 Hawaii BISH 1980-12-16
15 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Middle and base of plant. Giffard, W.M. 322 Hawaii BISH 1928-06-01
16 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Item unbranched, 8-10 ft., rough, tuberculous (?)... Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH 1871-04-01
17 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Corolla dark magenta purple, lobes white within, split 1/3 way, staminal column free, purplish. St.John, H. 11475 Hawaii BISH 1932-01-01
18 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Item unbranched, 8-10 ft, rough tuberculous (?) Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH 1871-04-01
19 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen This special Lobelia was collected by me for Rock a few years ago in same locality. Is probably described by him in his Bulletin of Lobeliaceae. No specimen with flowers or fruit found at this time. WGM Giffard, W.M. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-02
20 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Tree trunk 11 ft tall, unbranched, unarmed, 4 diam at base. Lyon, H.L. Hawaii BISH 1919-07-06
21 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Trunk 6 ft. tall, 3 in. thick. Degener, O. 20715 Hawaii BISH 1950-08-10
22 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Tree trunk 11 ft tall, unbranched, unarmed, 4 diam at base. Lyon, H.L. Hawaii BISH 1919-07-06
23 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 2.5 m tall; stem mucronate whole length except just below leaves Warshauer, F.R. 1356 Hawaii BISH 1977-08-31
24 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Newell, Brother M. 10261 Hawaii BISH 1912-12-01
25 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10013 Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
26 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17171 Hawaii BISH 1918-08-01
27 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Ohia-treefern dieback. Soil a deep and moderately well drained organic/ash; substrate unknown. Primary vegetation: Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma spp., Ilex anomala, Gouldia sp., Cheirodendron trigynum & Psychotria sandwicensis. Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH 1979-02-10
28 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 26002 Hawaii BISH 1958-01-01
29 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10013 Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
30 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 588 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-19
31 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
32 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH
33 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
34 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Lindsey, T. Hawaii BISH 1957-11-01
35 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
36 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Mathias, B. 10261 Hawaii BISH 1912-12-01
37 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
38 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH
39 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
40 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In closed Metrosideros-Cibotium forest. Preserved_Specimen Corolla deep purple outside and white inside. Fruit orange in color. Infrequent. Herat, T. 583 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-15
41 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In wet Metrosideros forest, with Cibotium, etc. Preserved_Specimen Unbranched herb (also identical with juvenile shoots on adult plants), which as some of these specimens show, can bear flowers. Such seedlings were described by Rock as Cyanea noli-me-tangere. With the adult plants (no. 2245) and intermediate plants (no. 2245a, described by Rock as C. rollandioides.) Carlquist, S. 2245 Hawaii BISH 1966-09-02
42 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Closed Metrosideros rain forest with Myrsine, Ilex, Pelea spp., Psychotria, Coprosma, Platydesma, Clermontia, & Gouldia. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6 1/2' tall, basal diam. 2. Two basal shoots 6 tall, spiny, leaves with ruffled edges. Main stem densely covered, entirely, with prickles. Largest leaf over 21 long. Large flower buds purple. Davis, J. 686 Hawaii BISH 1982-02-09
43 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Ohia-treefern dieback. Soils are deep and moderately well-drained ash. Primary vegetation: Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma spp., Ilex anomala, Gouldia sp., Psychotria hawaiiensis. Preserved_Specimen Plant was sterile. Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH
44 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 2.5 m tall. Young flower buds. Stem mucronate length except just below leaves. Warshauer, F.R. 1356 Hawaii BISH 1977-08-31
45 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing on the stream bank below the Kahena Ditch Trail. Growing with Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum subsp. Trigynum, Buddleja asiatica, Crocosmia x_crocosmiiflora, Lobelia hypoleuca, Phyllostegia vestita, Cibotium spp., Rubus hawaiensis, Preserved_Specimen Several individuals with white and purple flowers, immature fruite purple. VanDeMark, J. 35 Hawaii BISH 2019-01-29
46 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 1646 Hawaii BISH 1977-08-02
47 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet koa-ohia forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 1 flower, 1 flower bud, 1 immature fruit. Casey, T 626 Hawaii BISH 1976-05-26
48 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Lower forest region. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. BISH
49 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing just below the edge of the pali at the back of the east branch of the valley. Growing with Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma spp., Hedychium gardnerianum, Cheirodendron trigynum subsp. Trigynum. Preserved_Specimen Multibranched shrub with dark purple flowers. Sepals >1cm. Long. VanDeMark, J. 59 Hawaii BISH 2022-11-22
50 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In open disturbed area just outside wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest where adult individuals and young seedlings of Cyanea tritomantha occur. Preserved_Specimen Herb branched from base, 3 ft high. Juvenile stages of this type were described as C. rollandioids by Rock, and possibly C. platyphylla is referable here; complete series of stages between mature and juvenile (see 2245b) occur here. Carlquist, S. 2245 Hawaii BISH 1966-09-02
51 Cyanea tritomantha Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in the dense forest. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH
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